October 18 – Luke the Evangelist feast day.

1009 – The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, who hacks the Church’s foundations down to bedrock. The site is venerated as Golgotha (the Hill of Calvary), where Jesus was crucified, and is said also to contain the place where Jesus was buried (the sepulchre). Ultimately, this destruction provided an impetus to the later Crusades.   Floor plan of the site in the 4th Century.

1016 – The Danes defeat the Saxons in the Battle of Ashingdon.

Edmund Ironside (left) fights Canute the Great (right).

1081 – The Normans of southern Italy under Robert Guiscard, Duke of Apulia and Calabria defeat the Byzantine Empire led by the Emperor Alexius I Comnenus, in the Battle of Dyrrhachium.

The Battle of Dyrrhachium (near present-day Durrës in Albania). Alexius is the ancestor after 4 generations to the throne of Spain, which was ancestor after 2 generations to France, then 4 to Burgundy, 2 more to Kleve, and 2 more to Mary of Guelders, Queen to James 2^nd Stewart King of Scots.

1326 Invasion of England (1326) Isabella of France, nick named the ‘She-wolf of France,’ was Queen consort and sieges Bristol, pursues Edward II of England. (Descendant of Duncan and Malcolm, Kings of Scotland, and ancestor of Scots royalty from James 1^st.  Isabella (left) directing the Siege of Bristol in October 1326.

1346 After the disastrous Battle of Neville’s Cross, the whole of Scotland south of the Forth was at once abandoned to the English. Edward 3^rd, King of England, assuming Scotland was subdued, laid aside a pretence of crowning Baliol, and appointed barons to receive homage. Edward, King, was seconded by William Lord Douglas, nephew of the good Sir James Douglas, who returned from France, and bred to arms, expelled the English from Douglasdale, then Ettrick Forest and Teviotdale. Edward’s barons would not renew the war. Tytler’s Britannica 65.

1508 Patrick Hepburn, 3^rd Lord Hailes, 1^st Earl of Bothwell died, received Lordship in 1487.

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1515 Lady Margaret Douglas born (TG25-379)

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1541 Margaret Stewart (nee Tudor), Margaret Tudor, Dowager Queen dies, (Stewart, Douglas, Stewart)died. Still Married to Henry Stewart, 1^st Lord Methven   brother of Andrew Stewart, 1^st Lord Ochiltree. Henry was a fifth-generation male-line descendant of Murdoch Stewart, 2^nd Duke of Albany through his son Walter. Henry was thus a fourth cousin, twice removed of James IV of Scotland, first husband of Margaret Tudor.

House of Tudor Royal Coat of Arms

Margaret, ancestress of the Ruffins of Virginia, 13 generations to Ammon.

1746 – Nine persons were executed at Carlisle on the 18^th of October 1746. The list contained one or two names of distinction; as Buchanan of Arnpryor, the chief of his name; MacDonald of Kin (TG85-394) loch-Moidart,

Macdonald   Crest: On a crest coronet Or, a hand in armour fessways couped at the elbow Proper holding a cross crosslet fitchée Gules. Motto: PER MARE PER TERRAS[“By sea and land”].Badge: common heath (Scots heather) Chief: Godfrey James Macdonald of Macdonald, 8^th Baron Macdonald of Slate

Crest: On a crest coronet Or, a hand in armour fessways couped at the elbow Proper holding a cross crosslet fitchée Gules.

1775 – American INDEPENDENCE War The Burning of Falmouth (now Portland, Maine) prompts the Continental Congress to establish the Continental Navy.

1779 – American War of Independence: The Franco-American Siege of Savannah is lifted.

Attack on Savannah by A. I. Keller September 16–October 18, 1779.

1781 Charles Cochrane (b 12.01.1749, d 18.10.1781, Major) killed in action at Yorktown. Thomas Cochrane, 8^th Earl of Dundonald’s son Charles, born in 1749 embarked on a career in the army. Charles married Catherine, the daughter of Major John Pitcairn, and distinguished himself during the American War of Independence by carrying despatches from Sir Henry Clinton to Lord Cornwallis at the Siege of Yorktown, as a result of which Cornwallis made Charles his aide de camp. Charles Cochrane was killed shortly before the surrender, while standing next to Cornwallis, a cannon shot took the Major’s head off. The calamity, no doubt, influenced Cornwallis to seek terms of surrender. Charles’ death is described in a letter printed in Lord Stanhope’s History of England.

A plan of the Battle of Yorktown drawn in 1875.

• On the morning of 18 October 1781, the pipers of the Highland units played a final salute, which was answered by the band of the Franco-German Royal Deux-Ponts Regiment. After the surrender at Yorktown, British forces were marched off to prison camps in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia. The men of the 71st Regiment received new kilts while in prisoner of war camps, and eventually returned to Perth, Scotland to be discharged in 1783.

1831 Joseph Smith the Prophet, at Hiram, Ohio. (Clans Huntley, Hamilton, Mackenzie, Mack of Inverness, Malcolm King of Scots). Doctrine and Covenants 65. Sometime in October. the gospel roll forth unto the ends of the earth, as the stone which is cut out of the mountain without hands shall roll forth, until it has filled the whole earth

1945 – The USSR’s nuclear program receives plans for the United States plutonium bomb from Klaus Fuchs at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Fuchs taught at the University of Edinburgh in the 1930s.

1964 – The 1964-1965 New York World’s Fair closes for its first season after a six-month run. Disney featured shows were “It’s a Small World” , GE Carosel of “Progressland, PeopleMover, “Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln”.

Lincoln stamp of 1890.

The Mormon pavilion became a church in Plainview, New York, dedicated December 2, 1967 and still in use (as of 2011).   The film ‘Man’s Search for Happiness’ stimulates new media for the gospel. The nations’ exhibits become the idea for Epcot, Orlando Florida, wherein Scotland has a permanent exhibit.

Souvenir bag art. A 2-acre (8,100 m²) United States Space Park was sponsored by NASA, the Department of Defense and the fair. Exhibits included a full-scale model of the aft skirt and five F-1 engines of the first stage of a Saturn V, a Titan II booster with a Gemini capsule, an Atlas with a Mercury capsule and a Thor-Delta rocket. On display at ground level were Aurora 7, the Mercury capsule flown on the second US manned orbital flight; full-scale models of an X-15 aircraft, an Agena upper stage; a Gemini spacecraft; an Apollo command/service module, and a Lunar Excursion Model. Replicas of unmanned spacecraft included lunar probe Ranger VII; Mariner II and Mariner IV; Syncom, Telstar I, and Echo II communications satellites; Explorer I and Explorer XVI; and Tiros and Nimbus weather satellites

2007 Ammon Darrell Hardy born, 18th in descent from Mary of Guelders and James 2^nd Stewart King of Scots, 14^th from Margaret Stewart (nee Tudor).

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