July 28 85 circa sometime this year Roman General Agricola passed the Frith of Tay won battles, but withdrew (meaning he didn’t conquer, couldn’t hang in there). Tytler’s History of Scotland Britannica 2. Summer time is battle time, long daylight, shorter nights. Frith is an alternate spelling of Firth.

Frith of Tay.

Agricola’s fleet explored Scotland’s coasts, and build chain of forts connecting the Friths of Forth and Clyde (below). Tytler’s History of Scotland Britannica 2

Friths of Forth (East on the North Sea) And Clyde (west on the Atlantic).

1332 , sometime in July. Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray, die.

1494 sometime this year. Sceptre of Scotland was a gift from Pope Alexander VI to King James IV. Christian symbols: stylised dolphins, symbols of the Church, appear on the head of the rod, as do images of the Virgin Mary holding a baby Christ, of Saint James the Great, and of Saint Andrew holding a saltire.

1534 to 1607 to 1641. Religious persecution laws adopted at various times in these years. The Act of Uniformity, the Test Acts and Penal Laws of England, (with jurisdiction into Ireland, Scotland and British colonies of Africa, India, and Americas), enforced by execution and torture, fine and prison, confiscation and transport to the plantations (American colonies, if you weren’t already here) were, according to Edmund Burke “a machine of wise and elaborate contrivance, as well fitted for the oppression, impoverishment and degradation of a people, and the debasement in them of human nature itself, as ever proceeded from the perverted ingenuity of man.” Savage, John (1869). Fenian Heroes and Martyrs. Patrick Donahoe. pp. 16. Bans on Catholics, Dissenters from the Established Church, (Nonconformists, Presbyterians, Lutherans, Quakers, Covenanters, Methodists, Congregationalists, Jews, Anglicans 1650-1661, Baptists, along with slaves, felons, imbeciles. and foreigners) Ban on Catholics holding firearms to allow for their conscription into the militia repealed by the Irish Relief Act of 1793. Wikipedia. Penal Laws repealed 1829. Ban, dating from circa 1538, on Commissioning Catholics and admittance into the military officer ranks continued until 1829.

1565 Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, given title King of Scots (for 2 years. 1st Duke of Albany (7 December 1545 — 10 February 1567), styled Lord Darnley before 1565, grandson of Margaret Stewart (nee Tudor, Douglas, Queen Dowager). All official documents would be signed by both Mary and Henry. These events were tracked in the letters of Thomas Randolph, an English resident in Edinburgh. Darnley was a also a descendant of a daughter of James II of Scotland and thus also in line for the throne of Scotland; both were descendants of Joan Beaufort, Queen of Scotland (Mary through Joan’s marriage to James I of Scotland, Darnley through Joan’s marriage to Sir James Stewart, the Black Knight of Lorn); and Darnley’s family surname was due to a much more ancient connection to Darnley’s and Mary’s male-line ancestor, Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland.

1584, Privy council ordered beggars and tramps to be kept from wandering about. July 28th 1584-1588. Wester Wemyss, in Fife said a ‘creare’ brought the plague. A History of Epidemics in Britain from A.D. 664 to the Extinction of Plague Charles Creighton, M.A. M.D. Demonstrator of Anatomy University of Cambridge. 1891

1588 The Spanish Fleet (the Armada) anchored in a tight knit group to reduce the danger of being picked off by English Admiral Howard’s marauding ships and particularly vulnerable to attack by fire ships. At midnight on 28th July 1588 eight vessels filled with combustible material and manned by skeleton crews sailed down on the Armada and were enflamed. Attempting to beach the fire boats failed, so the Armada was forced to apply the reserve order; cut anchor cables and sail away to the East as quickly as possible (the loss of the main anchors in this way was to have devastating consequences later when ships attempted to anchor off the coasts of Scotland and Ireland in fierce storms but were driven onto the shore). A fierce battle took place, known as the Battle of Gravelines from the port on the coast. The execution of Mary Queen of Scots in 1587, the year before, was the final incentive for the invasion by the Spanish Armada.

The Spanish Armada: The Battle off Gravelines. 1588.

1683 – Anne Stewart, then princess and later Queen of Great Britain and Ireland House of Stewart, married George of Denmark St James’s Palace 28 July 1683. She bore 17 children, none survived to adulthood.

1714 Queen Anne seized with lethargic disorder. (TG65-224)

1746 July 28-31 IN GLENMORISTON Glenaladale mentions two caves in Glenmoriston, but only one is now known, and one of my informants, a gamekeeper of the district, stoutly denies that there can be two. Although John of Borradale only mentions one cave (iii. 381), [Blackie] firmly believe in Glenaladale’s accuracy, and that a second’ grotto no less romantic than the former’ really exists, although its site, like that of MacLeod’s cove, may have been lost. Publications OF THE SCOTISH HISTORY SOCIETY VOLUME XXIII, Pg 79 (61) April 1897 SUPPLEMENT LYON IN MOURNING PRINCE CHARLES EDWARD STUART ITINERARY AND MAP. Ed.W. B. BLAIKIE, from Narrative of Lord MacLeod, son of the Earl of Cromarty.

Chart

1812 Talavera, Peninsula. Sir Arthur Wellesley and British defeat French.

1813 Alberto Mazzucato (28 July 1813 – 31 December 1877) was an Italian composer. Mazzucato was born in Udine. Trained at the Padua Conservatory. Professor Alexander Weatherson in the 2009 Donizetti Society Newsletter wrote Scotland’s soil was about to be profaned by a stream of operas that bore the footprint of Mary Stuart. Scotland might have been left in peace….In Italy alone in the earliest decades of the nineteenth century there was a Scotch broth of operas. [La fidanzata di Lammermoor, 1834].

1851 Report on 6 years of famine in north Scotland and Hebrides. Starvation began with potato crop failures in 1846. The government indicated that it did not intend to make additional funds available now that the charitable relief effort had ended, neither to provide relief in situ nor to assist emigration from distressed areas. It suggested that a Poor Law clause giving the Poor Law authorities discretion to grant relief to those temporarily unable to work might (somewhat contrary to its wording) be used to provide relief to the able-bodied poor willing but unable to find work. It set up an enquiry under Sir John McNeill, the chairman of the Board of Supervision (of Scottish Poor Law Boards), to investigate the situation and recommend remedies. On Skye, where the parochial boards had been giving discretionary relief to the able-bodied in response to the end of Relief Board Operations even before government guidance. Tens of thousands emgrated to Canada or Australia or Utah Territory.the working classes, disabused of the notion that the eleemosynary aid they had been receiving for some years would be permanent, and thrown upon the local resources and their own exertions, have hitherto surmounted the danger, with an amount of relief absolutely trifling. No doubt, suffering must have been endured, the pressure upon all classes must have been severe: but to the latest date to which intelligence has been received, there is no sufficient reason to believe that one life has yet been lost in consequence of the cessation of eleemosynary relief.

1866 – Helen Beatrix Potter, born, English author (d. 22 December 1943) of The Tale of Peter Rabbit. Until age 15, Beatrix spent summer holidays at Dalguise, an estate on the River Tay in Perthshire, Scotland. Her fungi paintings in the Perth Museum and Art Gallery in Perth, Scotland donated by Charles McIntosh.

In 1967 the mycologist W.P.K. Findlay included many of Potter’s beautifully accurate fungi drawings in his Wayside & Woodland Fungi, thereby fulfilling Beatrix desire to one day have her fungi drawings published in a book. The Linnean Society of London has 40,000 plus late 18th century specimans of plants animals and creeping things. In 1897 Potter’s paper, “On the germination of the spores of Agaricineae” was returned to Potter’s male proxy. Beatrix studied the folk tales and mythology of Scotland and the romances of Sir Walter Scott.

This drawing is on the Linnean Society website on the Potter line. So I suppose Potter drew it. Scottish fungi.

www.linnean.org/The-Society/societynews/Beatrix_Potter

1914 Great War (later, in 1940, styled World War One) – 1914–1918. On 28th July 1914 WW1 begins. Against a rising tide of Scottish socialism and trade unionism a large numbers of Scottish men volunteer to fight. By the end of hostilities over 140 thousand Scots soldiers had lost their lives. Video: In Search of Scotland: A Century of Pain and Pleasure

http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/history/modern_scotland/world_war_one/

1945 Susan Evans McCloud, July 28, 1945 Lord I would Follow Thee Hymn 220, “As Zion’s Youth in Latter Days,” Hymn 256

1971 LeRoy Jasper Robertson died, composer, 21 dec 1896- 28 jul 1971 Hymns Let Earth’s Inhabitants Rejoice 53, 63, 64, 80, 121, 184, 247, 262

Leroy J. Robertson, c. 1940s

1981 Eric John Choate born. Many great grand son of James 2nd, Joan Beaufort, James 1st, Alexander 4th High Steward. (clans Hunter, Lockhart, Cochrane, Meldrum, Stewart)