[Surgeon General’s Smoking Report,  health reports Continued from Part  105 ]

2004 The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General.  Office of the Surgeon General (US); Office on Smoking and Health (US). Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US);  Forty years of reports. Cancers of stomach, uterine cervix, pancreas, kidney, acute myeloid leukemia, pneumonia, aneurysm, cataract, periodontitis. Conclusion “smoking generally diminishes the  health of smokers.”

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44698/

Part 106 The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. 2004. Tobacco. Appendix and Glossary.  Studies. AAA abdominal aortic aneurysm , AAI ankle-arm index,  AANL adult acute nonlymphocytic leukemia , ABI ankle/brachial blood pressure index, ACS American Cancer Society, ADT aerodigestive tract, AGL acute granulocytic leukemia,  AHA American Heart Association , AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, ALL acute lymphocytic leukemia, AMD age-related macular degeneration, AML acute myelocytic leukemia,             –ANLL acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, ARI acute respiratory illness, ARIC Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, AZT azidothymidine or zidovudine ,BMC bone mineral content, BMD bone mineral density, BMI body mass index, BRFSS Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CABG coronary artery bypass graft, CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CEJ cemento-enamel junction, CGL chronic granulocytic leukemia, CHD coronary heart disease, CHF congestive heart failure, CHS Cardiovascular Health Study, CLL chronic lymphocytic leukemia , CML chronic myelogenous leukemia,  COLD chronic obstructive lung disease, CT computed tomography, CVD cardiovascular disease, DALE disability-adjusted life expectancy, DALYs disability-adjusted life years, DMF decayed, missing, or filled teeth , DNA deoxyribonucleic acid ,DR diabetic retinopathy, ED erectile dysfunction, EF etiologic fraction, eNOS endothelial nitric oxide synthase , EPA Environmental Protection Agency, ER estrogen receptor, FEV1 forced expiratory volume in one second, FL Flanders and Rothman model , FTC Federal Trade Commission,  FVC forced vital capacity, GSTM1 glutathione transferase classes mu,  H. pylori Helicobacter pylori,  HBV hepatitis B virus, HDL high-density lipoprotein, HI hemagglutination inhibition, HIV human immunodeficiency virus,  HMO health maintenance organization, HPV human papilloma virus, HRT hormone replacement therapy, ICD International Classification of Diseases,  IDF incidence density fraction, Ig immunoglobulin, IHD ischemic heart disease,  IL interleukin, IPF idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, IUGR intrauterine growth retardation,  IVF in vitro fertilization, kg kilogram,  LBW low birth weight,  LDL low-density lipoprotein, kg kilogram,  LBW low birth weight LDL low-density lipoprotein, MI myocardial infarction, MRI magnetic resonance imaging, NAEC National Advisory Eye Council,  NAT2 N-acetyltransferase 2, NCHS National Center for Health Statistics, NCI National Cancer Institute, NEI National Eye Institute, NAEC National Advisory Eye Council NAT2 N-acetyltransferase 2 NCHS National Center for Health Statistics NCI National Cancer Institute,  NEI National Eye Institute, NRC National Research Council, NSAID, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, OTA Office of Technology Assessment,  PMN polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukucyte, PSA  prostate-specific antigen, RSV respiratory syncytial virus, SAMMMEC  Smoking Attributable Mortality, Morbidity and Economic costs, SGA small for gestational age, SIDS sudden infant death syndrome,  TNF tumor necrosis factor, UC ulcerative colitis, URI upper respiratory illness, WHO world Health Organization, YPLL years of potential life lost , YRBS Youth  Risk Behavior Survey. A word of wisdom.

Appendix

Publication lags, even short ones, prevent an up-to-the-minute inclusion of all recently published articles and data. Therefore, by the time the public reads this report, there may be additional published studies or data. To provide published information as current as possible, this Appendix lists more recent studies that represent major additions to the literature.

Chapter 1 Introduction and Approach to Causal Inference

Engel LS, Chow WH, Vaughan TL, Gammon MD, Risch HA, Stanford JL, Schoenberg JB, Mayne ST, Dubrow R, Rotterdam H, West AB, Blaser M, Blot WJ, Gail MH, Fraumeni JF Jr. Population attributable risks of esophageal and gastric cancers. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2003;95(18): 1404–13.

Chapter 2 Cancer

Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Pogoda JM, Preston-Martin S, Nichols PW, Ross RK. Smoking and risk of acute myeloid leukemia: results from a Los Angeles County case-control study. American Journal of Epidemiology 2002;155(6):546–53.

Adult Brain Cancer

Zheng T, Cantor KP, Zhang Y, Chiu BC-H, Lynch CF. Risk of brain glioma not associated with cigarette smoking or use of other tobacco products in Iowa. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 2001;10(4):413–4.

Bladder and Kidney Cancers

Brennan P, Bogillot O, Cordier S, Greiser E, Schill W, Vineis P, Lopez-Abente G, Tzonou A, Chang-Claude J, Bolm-Audorff U, Jöckel K-H, Donato F, Serra C, Wahrendorf J, Hours M, T’Mannetje A, Kogevinas M, Boffetta P. Cigarette smoking and bladder cancer in men: a pooled analysis of 11 case-control studies. International Journal of Cancer 2000;86(2):289–94.

Brennan P, Bogillot O, Greiser E, Chang-Claude J, Wahrendorf J, Cordier S, Jöckel K-H, Lopez-Abente G, Tzonou A, Vineis P, Donato F, Hours M, Serra C, Bolm-Audorff U, Schill W, Kogevinas M, Boffetta P. The contribution of cigarette smoking to bladder cancer in women (pooled European data). Cancer Causes and Control 2001;12(5):411–7.

Castelao JE, Yuan J-M, Skipper PL, Tannenbaum SR, Gago-Dominguez M, Crowder JS, Ross RK, Yu MC. Gender- and smoking-related bladder cancer risk. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2001;93(7):538– 45. [See also comments in Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2002;94(4):308–9; Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2001;93(21):1600–2.]

Chiu BC-H, Lynch CF, Cerhan JR, Cantor KP. Cigarette smoking and risk of bladder, pancreas, kidney, and colorectal cancers in Iowa. Annals of Epidemiology 2001;11(1):28–37.

Marcus PM, Hayes RB, Vineis P, Garcia-Closas M, Caporaso NE, Autrup H, Branch RA, Brockmöller J, Ishizaki T, Karakaya AE, Ladero JM, Mommsen S, Okkels H, Romkes M, Roots I, Rothman N. Cigarette smoking,N-acetyltransferase 2 acetylation status, and bladder cancer risk: a case-series meta-analysis of a gene-environment interaction. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 2000;9(5): 461–7.

Breast Cancer

Band PR, Le ND, Fang R, Deschamps M. Carcinogenic and endocrine disrupting effects of cigarette smoke and risk of breast cancer. Lancet2002;360(9339): 1044–9.

Couch FJ, Cerhan JR, Vierkant RA, Grabrick DM, Therneau TM, Pankratz VS, Hartmann LC, Olson JE, Vachon CM, Sellers TA. Cigarette smoking increases risk for breast cancer in high-risk breast cancer families. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 2001;10(4):327–32.

Lash TL, Aschengrau A. A null association between active or passive cigarette smoking and breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 2002; 75(2):181–4.

Terry PD, Rohan TE. Cigarette smoking and the risk of breast cancer in women: a review of the literature. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 2002;11(10 Pt 1):953–71.

Cervical Cancer

Castellsagué X, Muñoz N. Chapter 3: cofactors in human papillomavirus carcinogenesis-role of parity, oral contraceptives, and tobacco smoking. Journal of the National Cancer Institute Monographs 2003; (31):20–8.

Wacholder S. Chapter 18: statistical issues in the design and analysis of studies of human papilloma-virus and cervical neoplasia. Journal of the National Cancer Institute Monographs 2003;(31):125–30.

Colorectal Cancer

Chiu BC-H, Lynch CF, Cerhan JR, Cantor KP. Cigarette smoking and risk of bladder, pancreas, kidney, and colorectal cancers in Iowa. Annals of Epidemiology 2001;11(1):28–37.

Morimoto LM, Newcomb PA, Ulrich CM, Bostick RM, Lais CJ, Potter JD. Risk factors for hyperplastic and adenomatous polyps: evidence for malignant potential? Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 2002;11(10 Pt 1):1012–8.

Terry P, Ekbom A, Lichtenstein P, Feychting M, Wolk A. Long-term tobacco smoking and colorectal cancer in a prospective cohort study. International Journal of Cancer 2001;91(4):585–7.

Terry PD, Miller AB, Rohan TE. Prospective cohort study of cigarette smoking and colorectal cancer risk in women. International Journal of Cancer 2002;99(3): 480–3.

Tiemersma EW, Kampman E, Bueno de Mesquita HB, Bunschoten A, van Schothorst EM, Kok FJ, Kromhout D. Meat consumption, cigarette smoking, and genetic susceptibility in the etiology of colorectal cancer: results from a Dutch prospective study. Cancer Causes and Control 2002;13(4):383–93.

Endometrial Cancer

Weiderpass E, Baron JA. Cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and endometrial cancer risk: a population-based study in Sweden. Cancer Causes and Control 2001;12(3):239–47.

Esophageal Cancer

Wu AH, Wan P, Bernstein L. A multiethnic population-based study of smoking, alcohol and body size and risk of adenocarcinomas of the stomach and esophagus (United States). Cancer Causes and Control 2001; 12(8):721–32.

Laryngeal Cancer

Altieri A, Bosetti C, Talamini R, Gallus S, Franceschi S, Levi F, Dal Maso L, Negri E, La Vecchia C. Cessation of smoking and drinking and the risk of laryngeal cancer. British Journal of Cancer 2002;87(11): 1227–9.

Liver Cancer

Chen Z-M, Liu B-Q, Boreham J, Wu Y-P, Chen J-S, Peto R. Smoking and liver cancer in China: case-control comparison of 36,000 liver cancer deaths vs. 17,000 cirrhosis deaths. International Journal of Cancer 2003; 107(1):106–12.

Lung Cancer

Engel LS, Taioli E, Pfeiffer R, Garcia-Closas M, Marcus PM, Lan Q, Boffetta P, Vineis P, Autrup H, Bell DA, Branch RA, Brockmoller J, Daly AK, Heckbert SR, Kalina I, Kang D, Katoh T, Lafuente A, Lin HJ, Romkes M, Taylor JA, Rothman N. Pooled analysis and meta-analysis of glutathione S-transferase M1 and bladder cancer: a HuGE review. American Journal of Epidemiology 2002;156(2):95–109.

Le Marchand L, Guo C, Benhamou S, Bouchardy C, Cascorbi I, Clapper ML, Garte S, Haugen A, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Kihara M, Rannug A, Ryberg D, Stucker I, Sugimura H, Taioli E. Pooled analysis of the CYP1A1 exon 7 polymorphism and lung cancer (United States). Cancer Causes and Control2003;14(4):339–46.

Lee WJ, Brennan P, Boffetta P, London SJ, Benhamou S, Rannug A, To-Figueras J, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Shields P, Gaspari L, Taioli E. Microsomal epoxide hydrolase polymorphisms and lung cancer risk: a quantitative review. Biomarkers 2002;7(3):230–41.

Oral Cavity and Pharyngeal Cancers

Znaor A, Brennan P, Gajalakshmi V, Mathew A, Shanta V, Varghese C, Boffetta P. Independent and combined effects of tobacco smoking, chewing and alcohol drinking on the risk of oral, pharyngeal and esophageal cancers in Indian men. International Journal of Cancer 2003;105(5):681–6.

Ovarian Cancer

Modugno F, Ness RB, Cottreau CM. Cigarette smoking and the risk of mucinous and nonmucinous epithelial ovarian cancer. Epidemiology2002;13(4): 467–71.

Terry PD, Miller AB, Jones JG, Rohan TE. Cigarette smoking and the risk of invasive epithelial ovarian cancer in a prospective cohort study. European Journal of Cancer 2003;39(8):1157–64.

Pancreatic Cancer

Chiu BC-H, Lynch CF, Cerhan JR, Cantor KP. Cigarette smoking and risk of bladder, pancreas, kidney, and colorectal cancers in Iowa. Annals of Epidemiology 2001;11(1):28–37.

Lowenfels AB, Maisonneuve P, Whitcomb DC, Lerch MM, DiMagno EP. Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for pancreatic cancer in patients with hereditary pancreatitis [letter]. Journal of the American Medical Association2001;286(2):169–70.

Prostate Cancer

Giles GG, Severi G, McCredie MR, English DR, Johnson W, Hopper JL, Boyle P. Smoking and prostate cancer: findings from an Australian case-control study. Annals of Oncology 2001;12(6):761–5.

Lotufo PA, Lee I-M, Ajani UA, Hennekens CH, Manson JE. Cigarette smoking and risk of prostate cancer in the physicians’ health study (United States). International Journal of Cancer 2000;87(1):141–4.

Stomach Cancer

Brenner H, Arndt V, Bode G, Stegmaier C, Ziegler H, Stümer T. Risk of gastric cancer among smokers infected with Helicobacter pylori. International Journal of Cancer 2002;98(3):446–9.

Chao A, Thun MJ, Henley SJ, Jacobs EJ, McCullough ML, Calle EE. Cigarette smoking, use of other tobacco products and stomach cancer mortality in US adults: the Cancer Prevention Study II. International Journal of Cancer 2002;101(4):380–9.

Mao Y, Hu J, Semenciw R, White K, Canadian Cancer Registries Epidemiology Research Group. Active and passive smoking and the risk of stomach cancer, by subsite, in Canada. European Journal of Cancer Prevention 2002;11(1):27–38.

Simán JH, Forsgren A, Berglund G, Florén CH. Tobacco smoking increases the risk for gastric adenocarcinoma among Helicobacter pylori-infected individuals. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 2001; 36(2):208–13.

Wu AH, Wan P, Bernstein L. A multiethnic population-based study of smoking, alcohol and body size and risk of adenocarcinomas of the stomach and esophagus (United States). Cancer Causes and Control 2001;12(8):721–32.

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Chapter 3 Cardiovascular Diseases

Albert CM, Chae CU, Grodstein F, Rose LM, Rexrode KM, Ruskin JN, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE. Prospective study of sudden cardiac death among women in the United States. Circulation 2003;107(16): 2096–101.

Bazzano LA, He J, Muntner P, Vupputuri S, Whelton PK. Relationship between cigarette smoking and novel risk factors for cardiovascular disease in the United States. Annals of Internal Medicine 2003; 138(11):891–7.

Beeh K-M, Micke P, Ksoll M, Buhl R. Cigarette smoking, but not sensitization to Alternaria, is associated with severe asthma in urban patients. Journal of Asthma 2001;38(1):41–9.

Blanco-Cedres L, Daviglus ML, Garside DB, Liu K, Pirzada A, Stamler J, Greenland P. Relation of cigarette smoking to 25-year mortality in middle-aged men with low baseline serum cholesterol: the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry. American Journal of Epidemiology2002;155(4): 354–60.

Godtfredsen NS, Osler M, Vestbo J, Andersen I, Prescott E. Smoking reduction, smoking cessation, and incidence of fatal and non-fatal myocardial infarction in Denmark 1976–1998: a pooled cohort study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2003;57(6):412–6.

Houterman S, Verschuren WMM, Kromhout D. Smoking, blood pressure and serum cholesterol—effects on 20-year mortality. Epidemiology2003;14(1):24–9.

Kurth T, Kase CS, Berger K, Schaeffner ES, Buring JE, Gaziano JM. Smoking and the risk of hemorrhagic stroke in men. Stroke 2003;34(5):1151–5.

Lederle FA, Nelson DB, Joseph AM. Smokers’ relative risk for aortic aneurysm compared with other smoking-related diseases: a systematic review. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2003;38(2):329–34.

Oren A, Vos LE, Uiterwaal CS, Grobbee DE, Bots ML. Cardiovascular risk factors and increased carotid intima-media thickness in healthy young adults: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Young Adults (ARYA) Study. Archives of Internal Medicine 2003;163(15):1787–92.

Puranik R, Celermajer DS. Smoking and endothelial function. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 2003; 45(6):443–58.

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Chapter 4 Respiratory Diseases

Apostol GG, Jacobs DR Jr, Tsai AW, Crow RS, Williams OD, Townsend MC, Beckett WS. Early life factors contribute to the decrease in lung function between ages 18 and 40: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine2002;166(2): 166–72.

Benseñor IM, Cook NR, Lee I-M, Chown MJ, Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Manson JE. Active and passive smoking and risk of colds in women. Annals of Epidemiology 2001;11(4):225–31.

Connett JE, Murray RP, Buist AS, Wise RA, Bailey WC, Lindgren PG, Owens GR, the Lung Health Study Research Group. Changes in smoking status affect women more than men: results of the Lung Health Study. American Journal of Epidemiology 2003;157(11): 973–9.

Farr BM, Bartlett CL, Wadsworth J, Miller DL. Risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia diagnosed upon hospital admission: British Thoracic Society Pneumonia Study Group. Respiratory Medicine 2000;94(10):954–63.

Farr BM, Woodhead MA, Macfarlane JT, Bartlett CL, McCraken JS, Wadsworth J, Miller DL. Risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia diagnosed by general practitioners in the community. Respiratory Medicine2000;94(5):422–7.

Gajalakshmi V, Peto R, Kanaka TS, Jha P. Smoking and mortality from tuberculosis and other diseases in India: retrospective study of 43 000 adult male deaths and 35 000 controls. Lancet 2003;362(9383): 507–15.

Gottlieb DJ, Wilk JB, Harmon M, Evans JC, Joost O, Levy D, O’Connor GT, Myers RH. Heritability of longitudinal change in lung function: the Framingham study. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2001;164(9):1655–9.

Kolappan C, Gopi PG. Tobacco smoking and pulmonary tuberculosis. Thorax2002;57(11):964–6.

Lundback B, Lindberg A, Lindstrom M, Ronmark E, Jonsson AC, Jonsson E, Larsson LG, Andersson S, Sandstrom T, Larsson K, Obstructive Lung Disease in Northern Sweden Studies. Not 15 but 50% of smokers develop COPD?—report from the Obstructive Lung Disease in Northern Sweden Studies. Respiratory Medicine 2003;97(2):115–22.

Mannino DM, Buist AS, Petty TL, Enright PL, Redd SC. Lung function and mortality in the United States: data from the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey follow up study. Thorax 2003;58(5):388–93.

Plaschke PP, Janson C, Norrman E, Björnsson E, Ellbjär S, Järvholm B. Onset and remission of allergic rhinitis and asthma and the relationship with atopic sensitization and smoking. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2000;162(3 Pt 1): 920–4.

Ryu JH, Colby TV, Hartman TE, Vassallo R. Smoking-related interstitial lung diseases: a concise review. European Respiratory Journal 2001;17(1):122–32.

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Chapter 5 Reproductive Effects

Bouyer J, Coste J, Shojaei T, Pouly JL, Fernandez H, Gerbaud L, Job-Spira N. Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy: a comprehensive analysis based on a large case-control, population-based study in France. American Journal of Epidemiology 2003;157(3): 185–94.

Castles A, Adams EK, Melvin CL, Kelsch C, Boulton ML. Effects of smoking during pregnancy: five meta-analyses. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 1999;16(3):208–15.

Chang AB, Wilson SJ, Masters IB, Yuill M, Williams J, Williams G, Hubbard M. Altered arousal response in infants exposed to cigarette smoke. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2003;88(1):30–3.

Chia SE, Lim ST, Tay SK, Lim ST. Factors associated with male infertility: a case-control study of 218 infertile and 240 fertile men. BJOG: an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2000;107(1): 55–61.

England LJ, Levine RJ, Qian C, Morris CD, Sibai BM, Catalano PM, Curet LB, Klebanoff MA. Smoking before pregnancy and risk of gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2002;186(5):1035–40.

Horne RSC, Ferens D, Watts A-M, Vitkovic J, Lacey B, Andrew S, Cranage SM, Chau B, Greaves R, Adamson TM. Effects of maternal tobacco smoking, sleeping position, and sleep state on arousal in healthy term infants. Archives of Disease in Childhood Fetal and Neonatal Edition 2002;87(2):F100–F105.

Mitchell EA, Thompson JM, Robinson E, Wild CJ, Becroft DM, Clark PM, Glavish N, Pattison NS, Pryor JE. Smoking, nicotine and tar and risk of small for gestational age babies. Acta Paediatrica 2002;91(3): 323–8.

Chapter 6 Other Effects

Dental Diseases

Bergstrom J. Tobacco smoking and risk for periodontal disease. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 2003; 30(2):107–13.

Bostrom L, Bergstrom J, Dahlen G, Linder LE. Smoking and subgingival microflora in periodontal disease. Journal of Clinical Periodontology2001;28(3): 212–9.

Haffajee AD, Socransky SS. Relationship of cigarette smoking to attachment level profiles. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 2001;28(4):283–95.

Haffajee AD, Socransky SS. Relationship of cigarette smoking to the subgingival microbiota. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 2001;28(5):377–88.

Diminished Health Status

Alberg A. The influence of cigarette smoking on circulating concentrations of antioxidant micronutrients. Toxicology 2002;180(2):121–37.

Ngaage DL, Martins E, Orkell E, Griffin S, Cale AR, Cowen ME, Guvendik L. The impact of the duration of mechanical ventilation on the respiratory outcome in smokers undergoing cardiac surgery. Cardiovascular Surgery2002;10(4):345–50.

Polidori MC, Mecocci P, Stahl W, Sies H. Cigarette smoking cessation increases plasma levels of several antioxidant micronutrients and improves resistance towards oxidative challenge. British Journal of Nutrition2003;90(1):147–50.

Rodríguez Artalejo F, de Andrés Manzano B, Guallar-Castillón P, Puente Mendizabal MT, Gonzalez Enríquez J, del Rey Calero J. The association of tobacco and alcohol consumption with the use of health care services in Spain. Preventive Medicine 2000;31(5):554–61.

Erectile Dysfunction

Mirone V, Imbimbo C, Bortolotti A, Di Cintio E, Colli E, Landoni M, Lavezzari M, Parazzini F. Cigarette smoking as risk factor for erectile dysfunction: results from an Italian epidemiological study. European Urology2002;41(3):294–7.

Nicolosi A, Moreira ED Jr, Shirai M, Bin Mohd Tambi MI, Glasser DB. Epidemiology of erectile dysfunction in four countries: cross-national study of the prevalence and correlates of erectile dysfunction. Urology2003;61(1):201–6.

Eye Diseases

Delcourt C, Cristol JP, Tessier F, Leger CL, Michel F, Papoz L. Risk factors for cortical, nuclear, and posterior subcapsular cataracts: the POLA study. American Journal of Epidemiology 2000;151(5):497–504.

Loss of Bone Mass and Risk of Fractures

Albrand G, Munoz F, Sornay-Rendu E, DuBoeuf F, Delmas PD. Independent predictors of all osteoporosis-related fractures in healthy postmenopausal women: the OFELY Study. Bone 2003;32(1): 78–85.

Gerdhem P, Obrant KJ. Effects of cigarette-smoking on bone mass as assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and ultrasound. Osteoporosis International 2002;13(12):932–6.

Need AG, Kemp A, Giles N, Morris HA, Horowitz M, Nordin BE. Relationships between intestinal calcium absorption, serum vitamin D metabolites and smoking in postmenopausal women. Osteoporosis International 2002;13(1):83–8.

Peptic Ulcer Disease

Chen MH, Wu MS, Lee WC, Wang HP, Lin JT. A multiple logistic regression analysis of risk factors in different subtypes of gastric ulcer. Hepatogastroenterology 2002;49(44):589–92.

Rosenstock S, J?rgensen T, Bonnevie O, Andersen L. Risk factors for peptic ulcer disease: a population based prospective cohort study comprising 2416 Danish adults. Gut 2003;52(2):186–93.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44693/

The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General.

Abbreviations

AAA abdominal aortic aneurysm

AAI ankle-arm index

AANL adult acute nonlymphocytic leukemia

ABI ankle/brachial blood pressure index

ACS American Cancer Society

ADT aerodigestive tract

AF attributable fraction

AGL acute granulocytic leukemia

AHA American Heart Association

AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

ALL acute lymphocytic leukemia

AMD age-related macular degeneration

AML acute myelocytic leukemia

ANCOVA analysis of covariance

ANLL acute nonlymphocytic leukemia

ANOVA analysis of variance

AR attributable risk

ARI acute respiratory illness

ARIC Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study

AZT azidothymidine or zidovudine

BMC bone mineral content

BMD bone mineral density

BMI body mass index

BRFSS Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System

BUA broadband ultrasound attenuation

CABG coronary artery bypass graft

CAL clinical attachment level

CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

CEJ cemento-enamel junction

CGL chronic granulocytic leukemia

CHD coronary heart disease

CHF congestive heart failure

CHS Cardiovascular Health Study

CI confidence interval

CLL chronic lymphocytic leukemia

cm centimeter

CML chronic myelogenous leukemia

COLD chronic obstructive lung disease

COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

CPITN Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs

CPS-I Cancer Prevention Study I

CPS-II Cancer Prevention Study II

CT computed tomography

CVD cardiovascular disease

DALE disability-adjusted life expectancy

DALYs disability-adjusted life years

df degrees of freedom

DFS decayed or filled surfaces

DFT decayed or filled teeth

DMF decayed, missing, or filled teeth

DMFS decayed, missing, or filled surfaces

DMFT decayed, missing, or filled teeth

DNA deoxyribonucleic acid

DR diabetic retinopathy

DS decayed surfaces

EBCT electron beam computed tomography

ED erectile dysfunction

EF etiologic fraction

eNOS endothelial nitric oxide synthase

EPA Environmental Protection Agency

ER estrogen receptor

ERT estrogen replacement therapy

ETS environmental tobacco smoke

FEF forced expiratory flow

FEV1 forced expiratory volume in one second

FL Flanders and Rothman model

FS filled surfaces

FTC Federal Trade Commission

FVC forced vital capacity

g gram

GSTM1 glutathione transferase classes mu

H. pylori Helicobacter pylori

HBV hepatitis B virus

HCFA (pre 2001, post 2001 CMS) Health Care Financing Administration

HDL high-density lipoprotein

Hg mercury

HI hemagglutination inhibition

HIV human immunodeficiency virus

HMO health maintenance organization

HPV human papilloma virus

HR hazard ratio

HRT hormone replacement therapy

IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer

ICD International Classification of Diseases

IDF incidence density fraction

Ig immunoglobulin

IHD ischemic heart disease

IL interleukin

IMT intimal-medial thickness

IOM Institute of Medicine

IPF idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

IUGR intrauterine growth retardation

IVF in vitro fertilization

kg kilogram

LBW low birth weight

LDL low-density lipoprotein

LLM log-linear model

LOH loss of heterozygosity

LPA loss of periodontal attachment

LRI lower respiratory illness

MD myelodysplasia

MeSH Medical Subject Heading

mg milligram

MI myocardial infarction

mL milliliter

mm millimeter

MRFIT Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial

MRI magnetic resonance imaging

MS missing surfaces

N total population size

n total sample size

NA not applicable

NAEC National Advisory Eye Council

NAT2 N-acetyltransferase 2

NCHS National Center for Health Statistics

NCI National Cancer Institute

NEI National Eye Institute

ng nanogram

NHANES National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

NHIS National Health Interview Survey

NHLBI National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute

NIH National Institutes of Health

NMES National Medical Expenditures Survey

NMFS National Mortality Followback Survey

NNK nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone

NPT nocturnal penile tumescence

R data were not reported

NRC National Research Council

NS not significant

NSAID nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug

O/E observed/expected

OR odds ratio

OTA Office of Technology Assessment

p probability

PAH polyaromatic hydrocarbon

PAR population attributable risk

PBI penile-brachial index

PDAYS Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth Study

PDR proliferative diabetic retinopathy

PMN polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocyte

POR Prevalence odds ratio

PPD probing pocket depth

PR    progesterone receptor

PRO PROM            premature rupture of membranes

PSA PSA                        prostate-specific antigen

QALYs QUALYs                        quality-adjusted life years

R2 R^2            prediction values

RDFS RDFS            root decayed or filled surfaces

RDS RDS                        respiratory distress syndrome

RDS RDS                        root decayed surfaces

REM REM            rapid eye movement

RH RH            relative hazard

RR RR            relative risk

RSV RSV                        respiratory syncytial virus

SAF SAF                        smoking attributable fraction

SAM SAM            smoking attributable mortality

SAMMEC SAMMEC            Smoking-Attributable Mortality, Morbidity, and Economic Costs

SD SD            standard deviation

SE SE            standard error

SEER SEER            Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program

SES SES                        socioeconomic status

SGA SGA            small for gestational age

SIDS SIDS            sudden infant death syndrome

SMR SMR            standardized mortality ratio

SRD SRD                        smoking-related disease

SWI SWI                        surgical wound infections

TBARS THARS            thiobarbituric acid reactive substances

TGF- TGF-            transforming growth factor alpha

Th Th            T-helper

TNF TNF                        tumor necrosis factor

TPA TPA                        tissue plasminogen activator

tPTEF/tE tPTEF/tE                        the ratio of time to peak tidal expiratory flow to expiratory time

UC UC                        ulcerative colitis

URI URI                        upper respiratory illness

USDHEW USDHEW            U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare  (PRE 1980s)

USDHHS USDHHS            U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

VEGF VEGF            vascular endothelial growth factor

VLBW VLBW            very low birth weight

VLDL VLDL            very low-density lipoprotein

VmaxFRC VmaxFRC            maximal flow at functional residual capacity

vWF vWF            von Willebrand factor

WHO WHO            World Health Organization

YPLL YPLL            years of potential life lost

YRBS YRBS            Youth Risk Behavior Survey

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[ Health continues next at Part  107 ]